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2024年03月08日
我们能阻止 MS 和 ALS 吗? |迈克尔·C·莱文
鼓舞人心的演讲:TEDx Worldwide 的新见解
记住:神经细胞如何工作?刚刚发生了什么?当您患有多发性硬化症或多发性硬化症时,情况会怎样? 您可以知道它是如何与您的脊髓连接的。 使用每周新闻测验来测试您对 CNN 学生新闻中看到的故事的了解。
How do nerve cells work?

Can we stop MS and ALS? | Michael C. Levin

How do nerve cells work?

00:00
15:00
  How do nerve(神经) cells(细胞) work(使工作)? And so to begin to understand how nerve cells work, let's use our nerve cells. I'd like everyone to wiggle their toes(脚趾). I'm going to wiggle my toes. What just happened? Well, what you just did is you signaled(发信号) a nerve(神经) cell(细胞) in the front of your brain, and that nerve cell sends a branch(树枝) all the way down to your spinal( 脊骨的) cord(细绳), where it talks to a second nerve cell, and that nerve cell sends a branch, also known as an axon, down to your toes, and your toes wiggle, something we all take for granted(授予).
  But if you have multiple(多重的) sclerosis or MS, this can be very difficult to do, and some days, even impossible to do. And the question is why? And the answer is because nerve cells in people with MS are sick. Now, this is a sick nerve cell. How can we tell( 告诉)? It's alone.
  Nerve cells are in our bodies working groups-- tens, hundreds, thousands, even millions-- probably millions to just wiggle our toes. Second, it's branch, known as an axon, is small. And if you look closely(紧密地), the axon is bright. The nerve cell, it's connected to, is bright. But the connection(连接) between the two is less bright. This axon is hanging(挂) on for dear life.
  Well, here, we discovered how this happens. We discovered how MS nerve cells get sick. And then we invented medicines to prevent it. And then we fed these same nerve cells those medicines. And this is what we saw. And this still takes my breath(气息) away-- a field full of nerve(神经) cells(细胞).
  So many nerve cells, you can't tell where one starts and one stops. Axons that are long and beautiful and communicating with other nerve cells and doing their jobs. And it is because of this discovery that we think we can stop MS in its tracks. And we've learned something so basic(基本的), so fundamental(基本的), about how nerve(神经) cells(细胞) work(使工作). We think this is going to help people with other neurologic diseases, like amyotrophic, lateral(侧面的) sclerosis, or ALS. So it took me 30 years to get here.
  I have 10 minutes to tell my story. Let's get started. MS is a big problem. Almost 3 million people globally(世界上) have MS. And in this heat map, where dark red shows the highest rates of MS in the world, you can see Saskatchewan has a very high rate of multiple sclerosis. Not only one of the highest rates in Canada, but one of the highest rates in the world.
  So what does that mean? That means everyone in Saskatchewan knows somebody with MS. In fact, everyone in Saskatchewan probably knows two people with MS, including a family member and that person's best friend, who's lived down the street. So if you know anyone with MS, raise your hand. I know hundreds of people with MS. And I can tell you I've spent most of my career telling people they have MS.
  And that is a life-altering(改变) experience. So what's it like to have MS? So over time, following the blue line from left to right, people with MS get disabled( 残疾的). It's not a smooth( 光滑的) road. It's bumpy. As shown by those blue columns, each one of those blue columns is an attack of neurologic dysfunction.
  And those are called relapses(复发). And they happen randomly(随机地) through someone's life. And if I can bring your attention to the first two columns, you'll see after the first column, after a relapse, people come back to baseline, sometimes even normal. And that's called a remission. And that's where the term relapsing, remitting(宽恕), multiple(多重的) sclerosis comes from, the most common form of MS. So what is an MS relapse?
  One day, you might have blurred(涂污) vision(视) in one eye. The next time, both legs may become numb, or even paralyzed, or you may have acute(敏锐的) bouts(一回) of pain, all leading to decreased(减少) quality of life, trouble with employment(工业), difficulty( 困难) with intimacy(亲密), difficulty with mobility( 可动性), all the things most of us take for granted(授予).

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重点单词:

C2
remit:verb.宽恕, 赦免, 免除, 缓和, 推迟, 汇出, 传送, 使复职
bout:noun.一回, 一场, 回合, 较量
C1
flip:noun.弹;筋斗
mimic:verb.模仿,摹拟
relapse:noun.复发, 回复原状
relapse:verb.故态复萌;旧病复发;再度堕落;再陷邪道
premier:adj.第一的;最初的
anti:noun.反对者 a反对的
clinical:adj. 临床的; 冷静客观的
randomly:adv.随机地
intimacy:noun.亲密, 隐私, 亲昵行为(尤指不正当的性关系)
dose:noun.剂量, (一)剂, (一)服
milligram:noun.毫克
manuscript:noun.手稿, 原稿
malfunction:noun.故障
acute:adj.敏锐的, [医]急性的, 剧烈
mobility:noun. 可动性, 流动性
consecutive:adj.连贯的;连续不断的
spinal:adj. 脊骨的, 脊髓的
triangular:adj.三角的,[数] 三角形的;三人间的
regenerate:verb.使新生, 重建, 改革, 革新
ward:noun. 病房, 收容所
Tennessee:noun.田纳西州
heterogeneous:adj.不同种类的异类的
wipe:verb.擦;消除;涂上
inhibit:verb.抑制;禁止
lateral:adj.侧面的,横向的
B2
stroke:noun.打,击;鸣声;中风
nerve:noun.神经;勇敢,胆量
fundamental:adj.基本的,根本的
dot:noun.点,圆点
function:verb.运行;活动;行使职责
feel:noun.感觉;触摸
closely:adv.紧密地,接近地
protein:noun.蛋白质;朊
arrow:noun.箭;箭状物
trial:noun.试验, 考验, 审讯, 审判
cell:noun.细胞;电池;蜂房的巢室;单人小室
grant:verb.授予
medication:noun.药物;药物治疗;药物处理
super:adj.特级的;极好的
crack:verb.爆裂
cord:noun.细绳,粗线,索
decrease:verb.减少,减小
resident:noun.居民
forgive:verb.原谅,饶恕,宽恕
cure:verb.医治;消除
surround:verb.围绕;包围
globally:adv.世界上, 全世界
inspire:verb.激发;鼓舞;启示;产生;使生灵感
cure:noun.治愈
inflammation:noun.[病理] 炎症;[医] 发炎;燃烧;发火
trigger:verb.引发, 引起, 触发
multiply:verb.乘;使增加;使繁殖;使相乘
finding:noun.发现;调查的结果
vision:noun.视;想象力;梦幻
alter:verb.改变,更改
disabled:adj. 残疾的
blur:verb.涂污, 污损(名誉等), 把(界线,视线等)弄得模糊不清, 弄污
inflammatory:adj.炎症性的;煽动性的;激动的
multiple:adj.多重的;多样的;许多的
disability:noun.残疾;无能;无资格;不利条件
extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的
B1
hang:verb.挂,悬;吊死
employment:noun.工业;雇用;使用
treat:verb.对待;处理
devastating:adj.破坏性的, 全然的
toe:noun.脚趾,足尖
branch:noun.树枝,分枝;分部;支流
injure:verb.伤害,损害,损伤
difficulty:noun. 困难, 费力; 异议
throughout:adp.遍及
admit:verb.承认;准许…进入
block:verb.堵塞,拦阻
stick:verb.刺,戳;伸出;粘贴
nucleus:noun.核,核心;(原子)核
breath:noun.气息,呼吸;气味
basic:adj.基本的,基础的
smooth:adj. 光滑的; 平稳的
nuclear:adj.原子核的;核心的
loss:noun.遗失;损失;失败
signal:verb.发信号
connection:noun.连接,联系;连贯性
专辑
鼓舞人心的演讲:TEDx Worldwide 的新见解
难度
B1
词汇量
452/2051
摘要
记住:神经细胞如何工作?刚刚发生了什么?当您患有多发性硬化症或多发性硬化症时,情况会怎样? 您可以知道它是如何与您的脊髓连接的。 使用每周新闻测验来测试您对 CNN 学生新闻中看到的故事的了解。
第1句的重点词汇:
1. nerve

B2

noun.神经;勇敢,胆量
语法:cells的复合词元素

四级

托福

考研

2. cells

B2

noun.细胞;电池;蜂房的巢室;单人小室
语法:work的主语

高中

四级

托福

考研

3. work

A1

verb.使工作;操作;经营;使缓慢前进
语法:句子中的根节点

小学

初中

高中